{"id":6208,"date":"2021-04-21T06:39:19","date_gmt":"2021-04-21T11:39:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wisconsin.edu\/all-in-wisconsin-new\/?post_type=campus_story&p=6208"},"modified":"2021-04-21T06:39:19","modified_gmt":"2021-04-21T11:39:19","slug":"uw-stout-professors-research-shows-economic-losses-to-rivers-lakes-and-streams-from-large-scale-animal-farms","status":"publish","type":"campus_story","link":"https:\/\/www.wisconsin.edu\/all-in-wisconsin\/story\/uw-stout-professors-research-shows-economic-losses-to-rivers-lakes-and-streams-from-large-scale-animal-farms\/","title":{"rendered":"UW-Stout professor\u2019s research shows economic losses to rivers, lakes and streams from large-scale animal farms"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Photo
Cows eating in a barn. Photo courtesy of U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Manure management must be part of policy discussion, Raff says<\/h3>\n

A University of Wisconsin-Stout economics assistant professor in the social science department<\/a> is part of a groundbreaking research study on concentrated animal feeding operations in Wisconsin.<\/p>\n

Zach Raff<\/a> co-authored \u201cCAFOs and Surface Water Quality: Evidence from Wisconsin<\/a>\u201d that looks at 23 years of large animal operations, most of which are dairy, and their impacts on surface water quality in the state using state data on CAFO locations and surface water quality.<\/p>\n

The co-author is Andrew Meyer, associate professor of economics at Marquette University<\/a>. The study is forthcoming in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis research is original and contributes to the literature because we did not previously have studies that linked CAFOs to water quality outcomes on a large, spatial scale,\u201d Meyer said. \u201cPrevious work concentrated on a small geographic area or relied on an ex-ante modeling assumption to predict the impacts of CAFOS.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Photo
Zach Raff \/ UW-Stout photo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Raff will be speaking Wednesday, April 7, as part of a virtual panel at the Great Lakes Science-Policy Confluence Conference on \u201cCAFOs Past, Present and Future.\u201d The conference is sponsored by the Environmental Law and Policy Center<\/a>. The two used a research design common in economics, called difference-in-differences, to establish a plausible counterfactual comparison group and provide more confidence in attributing the changes in water quality to CAFO expansion rather than some unobserved factors.<\/p>\n

The study calculates that a 1,000 animal unit feeding operation produces nonmarket surface water quality damages of at least $203,541 per year, much more than the $345 annual permit farms pay the state, Raff noted.<\/p>\n

Residents lose nonmarket benefits when lakes, rivers and streams are polluted because water quality declines for recreational purposes such as fishing, swimming, boating, etc., and aquatic ecosystems are damaged, the study notes.<\/p>\n

Raff points out larger animal operations \u2014 Wisconsin has about 300 of them \u2014 are here to stay and a big part of the dairy state economy. But there needs to be a solution to the problem of growing surface water pollution coming from those farms.<\/p>\n

\u201cHaving these large operations produces jobs,\u201d Raff said. \u201cIt decreases input costs by allowing owners to buy feed on a larger scale, i.e., economies of scale. You can create dairy products cheaper. These large farms are bringing in revenues and paying taxes, which help fund public goods.\u201d<\/p>\n

According to the study, in 2017 dairy farming directly contributed about $5.5 billion to Wisconsin\u2019s economy. CAFOs represent about 3.5% of the state\u2019s dairy farms but are home to nearly 25% of the state\u2019s cows. This means large animal operations produce nearly $1.38 billion in annual sales revenue.<\/p>\n

However, the cost to surface water in areas near these large-scale animal farms needs to be considered in the costs of farm operations, Raff said, particularly concerning manure which can run off phosphorus and nitrogen into surface water and contribute to blue-green algae blooms.<\/p>\n

Farms largely either land-spread manure, usually within 10 miles of the existing CAFO, or use a liquid manure pit to store it, Raff said.<\/p>\n

\u201cNitrogen and phosphorus are good for the land,\u201d he noted. \u201cThere is just so much of it in one area. We are letting it go to waste in the water because it is too expensive to ship where it would be needed.\u201d<\/p>\n

The study suggests better policy for manure management, treating it as a commodity and providing subsidies to transport the manure off site to better control surface water damages from operations. The manure could be used in places where nutrients are needed to improve soil quality and plant growth, Raff said.<\/p>\n

\u201cPeople call manure waste,\u201d Raff said. \u201cFarmers are \u2018dumping\u2019 it on the land. We need to treat it as fertilizer and as a usable product.\u201d<\/p>\n

There also could be a tax or fee on manure production or spreading to recover the losses or increase the CAFOs permitting fees to cover the losses to the rivers, lakes and streams, Raff said.<\/p>\n

Raff and Meyer met several years ago at an environmental economics conference where they were presenting research. They kept in touch and occasionally discussed ideas. They decided to make their first joint project about their home state, Meyer said.<\/p>\n

Raff, who is originally from Sheboygan, said he wanted to do research that is key to Wisconsin because the state is important to him as his home.<\/p>\n

In the study, Raff and Meyer concluded there is still much research to be done.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have documented the first large-scale link that CAFO growth leads to worsening water quality in Wisconsin,\u201d the study notes. \u201cThis link establishes one mechanism for other potential impacts such as changes in recreational fishing patterns, changes in property values or changes in human health.\u201d<\/p>\n

The researchers\u2019 goal is to spur policy discussion.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s important to get this information out there,\u201d Raff said. \u201cI want people in the Department of Natural Resources and the policymakers to read this.\u201d<\/p>\n

Meyer agreed. \u201cThe livestock industry has been trending toward larger operations for some time, and this is unlikely to reverse anytime soon,\u201d he noted. \u201cThe key will be to develop better management practices and policies to balance those benefits with the environmental costs.\u201d<\/p>\n

PAM POWERS | APRIL 6, 2021<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Manure management must be part of policy discussion, Raff says A University of Wisconsin-Stout economics assistant professor in the social science department is part of a groundbreaking research study on concentrated animal feeding operations in Wisconsin. Zach Raff co-authored \u201cCAFOs and Surface Water Quality: Evidence from Wisconsin\u201d that looks at 23 years of large animal […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":6212,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","institution":[90],"story_category":[],"class_list":["post-6208","campus_story","type-campus_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","institution-uw-stout"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wisconsin.edu\/all-in-wisconsin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/campus_story\/6208","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wisconsin.edu\/all-in-wisconsin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/campus_story"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wisconsin.edu\/all-in-wisconsin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/campus_story"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wisconsin.edu\/all-in-wisconsin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wisconsin.edu\/all-in-wisconsin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6208"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wisconsin.edu\/all-in-wisconsin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6212"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wisconsin.edu\/all-in-wisconsin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6208"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"institution","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wisconsin.edu\/all-in-wisconsin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/institution?post=6208"},{"taxonomy":"story_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wisconsin.edu\/all-in-wisconsin\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/story_category?post=6208"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}